Law of Taxon Formation and Mechanism of Living Organisms Evolution

Abstract

Key words: integral phenotype, genetic program, rules of character inheritance, taxon formation law, mechanism of living organism evolution.

Annotation: A unit of evolution of living organisms is a phenotype – a stable manifestation of genetic program which has been historically formed in the course of adaptation of animal units to varied environment. Phenotype includes invariable phenes which determine a basis of organism habitus (background phenes), and variable (mendelevian) phenes which determine a changing nature of some parts of organism. Mendelevian, variable phenes present opportunities for an organism to adapt to the varied environment as exemplified by reduction of frequency of phene of white coloration among butterflies Biston betularia in the areas of high pollution load – white butterflies are more frequently eaten by birds than dark ones as they become easy-to-see on dirty birch trunks. Therefore, it can be believed that phenotype evolution occurs at the level of mendelevian phenes – as a result of adaptive processes a frequency of non-adaptive mendelevian characters is greatly reduced whereas a frequency of adaptive characters is increased. After passing of different versions of mendelevian characters through the “filter” of adaptation the least successful combinations are eliminated and adaptive ones are included in stable characters forming the basic organism habitus. Against stable phene populations the newly emerged mendelevian characters are evolving and the cycle is repeated. Among organisms a “nucleus” is eventually formed – a population of stable highly adaptive characters forming the basis of organism facies, and variable characters as a material for evolution. Within classification systems of allied organism groups phenes of various level of adaptation and hence different frequency are fixed in a form of a many-staged hierarchical structure of phenes of different degree of community as a consequence of genetic program implementation within species groups.